van Dongen, J. E. & Segerink, L. I. Constructing the way forward for scientific diagnostics: an evaluation of potential advantages and present boundaries in CRISPR/Cas diagnostics. ACS Synth. Biol. 14, 323–331 (2025).
Lubbers, B. R. et al. The brand new EU regulation on in vitro diagnostic medical gadgets: Implications and preparatory actions for diagnostic laboratories. HemaSphere 5, e568 (2021).
Kaminski, M. M., Abudayyeh, O. O., Gootenberg, J. S., Zhang, F. & Collins, J. J. CRISPR-based diagnostics. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 5, 643–656 (2021).
Hu, T. & Chen, X. Nano for CRISPR. ACS Nano 16, 8505–8506 (2022).
Chowdhry, R. et al. Enhancing CRISPR/Cas techniques with nanotechnology. Traits Biotechnol. 41, 1549–1564 (2023).
Yu, E. S. et al. Extremely environment friendly on-chip photothermal cell lysis for nucleic acid extraction utilizing localized plasmonic heating of strongly absorbing Au nanoislands. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15, 34323–34331 (2023).
Marcuccio, F. et al. Single-cell nanobiopsy allows multigenerational longitudinal transcriptomics of most cancers cells. Sci. Adv. 10, 515 (2024).
Yang, B., Kong, J. & Fang, X. Programmable CRISPR-Cas9 microneedle patch for long-term seize and real-time monitoring of common cell-free DNA. Nat. Commun. 13, 3999 (2022).
Jeong, S. et al. Extraction of viral nucleic acids with carbon nanotubes will increase SARS-CoV-2 quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain response detection sensitivity. ACS Nano 15, 10309–10317 (2021). This research proposed high-yield seize of viral RNA from 50% human saliva utilizing ssDNA hooked up to carbon nanotubes, thereby bypassing business kits and biofluid purification steps.
Bogers, J. F. M. et al. Brilliant fluorescent nucleic acid detection with CRISPR-Cas12a and poly(thymine) templated copper nanoparticles. Biol. Strategies Protoc. 6, bpaa020 (2021).
Tune, J. et al. Elution-free DNA detection utilizing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated light-up aptamer transcription: towards all-in-one DNA purification and detection tube. Biosens. Bioelectron. 225, 115085 (2023).
Zhou, W. et al. A CRISPR–Cas9-triggered strand displacement amplification methodology for ultrasensitive DNA detection. Nat. Commun. 9, 5012 (2018).
Mohsenin, H. et al. Sign-amplifying biohybrid materials circuits for CRISPR/Cas-based single-stranded RNA detection. Adv. Mater. Technol. 10, 2400981 (2024).
Zhang, S., Xu, D., Li, F. & Wang, J. CRISPR-based non-nucleic acid detection. Traits Biotechnol. (2025).
Liu, Z. et al. Dedication of adenosine by CRISPR-Cas12a system based mostly on duplexed aptamer and molecular beacon reporter linked to gold nanoparticles. Microchim. Acta 190, 173 (2023).
Zhang, Q. et al. Controllable meeting of a quantum dot-based aptasensor guided by CRISPR/Cas12a for direct measurement of circulating tumor cells in human blood. Nano Lett. 24, 2360–2368 (2024).
Chen, Y. et al. Making use of CRISPR/Cas system as a sign enhancer for DNAzyme-based lead ion detection. Anal. Chim. Acta (2021).
Wu, Z., Solar, D. W., Pu, H. & Wei, Q. A novel fluorescence biosensor based mostly on CRISPR/Cas12a built-in MXenes for detecting Aflatoxin B1. Talanta 252, 123773 (2023).
Hao, L. et al. CRISPR-Cas-amplified urinary biomarkers for multiplexed and moveable most cancers diagnostics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 18, 798–807 (2023). This research offered a non-invasive, multiplexed method for most cancers detection and monitoring, combining peptide-conjugated artificial or organic nanocarriers with a novel DNA barcoding system.
Pandit, S., Duchow, M., Chao, W., Capasso, A. & Samanta, D. DNA-barcoded plasmonic nanostructures for activity-based protease sensing. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63, e202310964 (2024).
Welch, N. L. et al. Multiplexed CRISPR-based microfluidic platform for scientific testing of respiratory viruses and identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat. Med. 28, 1083–1094 (2022). This research proposed a extremely multiplexed microfluidic platform for the speedy detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants with a classification accuracy corresponding to sequencing.
Tian, T. et al. An ultralocalized Cas13a assay allows common and nucleic acid amplification-free single-molecule RNA diagnostics. ACS Nano 15, 1167–1178 (2021).
Chen, J. et al. CRISPR-powered optothermal nanotweezers: various bio-nanoparticle manipulation and single nucleotide identification. Mild. Sci. Appl. 12, 273 (2023).
Yuan, A. et al. RNA-activated CRISPR/Cas12a nanorobots working in dwelling cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2024). This research offered Cas12a-based nanorobots for the real-time detection of microRNAs in dwelling cells, paving the way in which for superior intracellular monitoring and therapeutic purposes.
Yuan, C. et al. Common and naked-eye gene detection platform based mostly on the clustered usually interspaced quick palindromic repeats/Cas12a/13a system. Anal. Chem. 92, 4029–4037 (2020).
López-Valls, M. et al. CASCADE: bare eye-detection of SARS-CoV-2 utilizing Cas13a and gold nanoparticles. Anal. Chim. Acta 1205, 339749 (2022).
Broughton, J. P. et al. CRISPR–Cas12-based detection of SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Biotechnol. (2020).
MacGregor, S. R. et al. Improvement of CRISPR/Cas13a-based assays for the analysis of Schistosomiasis. EBioMedicine 94, 104730 (2023).
Zhang, X., Yang, Y., Cao, J., Qi, Z. & Li, G. Level‐of‐care CRISPR/Cas biosensing expertise: a promising software for stopping the doable COVID‐19 resurgence brought on by contaminated chilly‐chain meals and packaging. Meals Entrance. 4, 207–232 (2023).
Moon, J. et al. Colorimetric detection of SARS-CoV-2 and drug-resistant pH1N1 utilizing CRISPR/dCas9. ACS Sens. 5, 4017–4026 (2020).
Samanta, D., Ebrahimi, S. B., Ramani, N. & Mirkin, C. A. Enhancing CRISPR-Cas-mediated detection of nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid targets utilizing enzyme-labeled reporters. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 16310–16315 (2022).
Huang, D., Ni, D. S., Fang, M., Shi, Z. & Xu, Z. Microfluidic ruler-readout and CRISPR Cas12a-responded hydrogel-integrated paper-based analytical gadgets (μReaCH-PAD) for seen quantitative point-of-care testing of invasive fungi. Anal. Chem. 93, 16965–16973 (2021).
Johnston, M. et al. Multiplexed biosensor for point-of-care COVID-19 monitoring: CRISPR-powered unamplified RNA diagnostics and protein-based therapeutic drug administration. Mater. At this time 61, 129–138 (2022). This research launched a CRISPR-powered, amplification-free expertise for monitoring viral RNA alongside antibiotic concentrations, providing a delicate answer for pandemic response.
Tao, X. et al. Delicate and on-site detection of Staphylococcus aureus based mostly on CRISPR/Cas 13a-assisted chemiluminescence resonance power switch. Anal. Chem. 96, 9270–9277 (2024).
Shamsabadi, A., Haghighi, T., Carvalho, S., Frenette, L. C. & Stevens, M. M. The nanozyme revolution: enhancing the efficiency of medical biosensing platforms. Adv. Mater. 36, 2300184 (2024). This overview explored the potential of nanozymes to enhance medical biosensing platforms by enhancing sign amplification and enhancing detection limits.
Broto, M. et al. Nanozyme-catalysed CRISPR assay for preamplification-free detection of non-coding RNAs. Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 1120–1126 (2022). This research launched CrisprZyme, a nanozyme-linked immunosorbent assay that permits preamplification-free, quantitative detection of non-coding RNAs in each plate- and paper-based assay codecs.
Arshad, F., Abdillah, A. N., Shivanand, P. & Ahmed, M. U. CeO2 nanozyme mediated RPA/CRISPR-Cas12a dual-mode biosensor for detection of invA gene in Salmonella. Biosens. Bioelectron. 247, 115940 (2024).
An, P. et al. CRISPR/Cas12a bio-assay built-in with metal-organic framework based mostly enhanced fluorescent labels for ultrasensitive detection of circulating tumor DNA. Sens. Actuat. B 383, 133623 (2023).
Hong, S. et al. A non-FRET DNA reporter that modifications fluorescence color upon nuclease digestion. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 810–817 (2024). This research launched a low-cost, DNA-templated, Ag-nanocluster-based reporter for nucleic acid detection that modifications color upon CRISPR digestion.
Fu, X. et al. Exploring the trans-cleavage exercise of CRISPR/Cas12a on gold nanoparticles for secure and delicate biosensing. Anal. Chem. 93, 4967–4974 (2021).
Luo, T. et al. Designing a CRISPR/Cas12a- and Au-nanobeacon-based diagnostic biosensor enabling direct, speedy, and delicate miRNA detection. Anal. Chem. 94, 6566–6573 (2022).
Inexperienced, C. M. et al. Quantum dot-based molecular beacons for quantitative detection of nucleic acids with CRISPR/Cas(N) nucleases. ACS Nano 16, 20693–20704 (2022). This research offered fluorescently labelled DNA or RNA hairpins conjugated to ZnS-coated quantum dots that type ratiometric reporters for FRET-based detection of DNA and RNA.
Zhang, Q. et al. SARS-CoV-2 detection utilizing quantum dot fluorescence immunochromatography mixed with isothermal amplification and CRISPR/Cas13a. Biosens. Bioelectron. 202, 113978 (2022).
Li, C. Y. et al. A boosting upconversion luminescent resonance power switch and biomimetic periodic chip built-in CRISPR/Cas12a biosensor for purposeful DNA regulated transduction of non-nucleic acid targets. Biosens. Bioelectron. 169, 112650 (2020).
Guan, L. et al. Ultrasensitive miRNA detection based mostly on magnetic upconversion nanoparticle enhancement and CRISPR/Cas13a-driven sign amplification. Anal. Chem. 95, 17708–17715 (2023).
Giesselmann, P. et al. Evaluation of quick tandem repeat expansions and their methylation state with nanopore sequencing. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 1478–1481 (2019).
Gilpatrick, T. et al. Focused nanopore sequencing with Cas9-guided adapter ligation. Nat. Biotechnol. 38, 433–438 (2020).
McDonald, T. L. et al. Cas9 focused enrichment of cellular parts utilizing nanopore sequencing. Nat. Commun. 12, 3586 (2021).
Liu, M. et al. A label-free photoelectrochemical biosensor based mostly on CRISPR/Cas12a system responsive deoxyribonucleic acid hydrogel and ‘click on’ chemistry. ACS Sens. 7, 3153–3160 (2022).
Ban, D. Ok. et al. A single multiomics transistor for digital detection of SARS-Cov2 variants antigen and viral rna with out amplification. Adv. Mater. Technol. 8, 2201945 (2023).
Wang, H. et al. Unamplified system for delicate and typing detection of ASFV by the cascade platform that CRISPR-Cas12a mixed with graphene field-effect transistor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 240, 115637 (2023).
Balderston, S. et al. Discrimination of single-point mutations in unamplified genomic DNA by way of Cas9 immobilized on a graphene field-effect transistor. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 5, 713–725 (2021). This research expands on the usage of graphene and Cas9-based FET biosensors for speedy, amplification-free detection of single-point mutations in genomic DNA.
Zhang, J. et al. Mxene coupled with CRISPR-Cas12a for evaluation of endotoxin and micro organism. Anal. Chem. 93, 4676–4681 (2021).
Duan, H. et al. A CRISPR-Cas12a powered electrochemical sensor based mostly on gold nanoparticles and MXene composite for enhanced nucleic acid detection. Sens. Actuat. B 380, 133342 (2023).
Guo, J., Zhu, Y. & Miao, P. Nano-impact electrochemical biosensing based mostly on a CRISPR-responsive DNA hydrogel. Nano Lett. 23, 11099–11104 (2023).
Ates, H. C. et al. Finish-to-end design of wearable sensors. Nat. Rev. Mater. 15, 887–907 (2022).
Nguyen, P. Q. et al. Wearable supplies with embedded artificial biology sensors for biomolecule detection. Nat. Biotechnol. 39, 1366–1374 (2021).
Andrews, J. P. M. et al. First-in-human managed inhalation of skinny graphene oxide nanosheets to review acute cardiorespiratory responses. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 705–714 (2024).
Zargartalebi, H. et al. Energetic-reset protein sensors allow steady in vivo monitoring of irritation. Science 386, 1146–1153 (2024).
Yi, Y. et al. Nanopore-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for most cancers biomarker detection. Nat. Nanotechnol. (2025).
McGenity, C. et al. Synthetic intelligence in digital pathology: a scientific overview and meta-analysis of diagnostic take a look at accuracy. npj Digit. Med. 7, 114 (2024).
Li, L. et al. Interactions of micro organism with monolithic lateral silicon nanospikes inside a microfluidic channel. Entrance. Chem. 7, 483 (2019).